{"id":235,"date":"2021-09-17T20:46:57","date_gmt":"2021-09-17T20:46:57","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blogs.library.unt.edu\/music\/?p=235"},"modified":"2023-08-17T17:02:47","modified_gmt":"2023-08-17T17:02:47","slug":"how-regina-music-boxes-mediated-listening-culture","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blogs.library.unt.edu\/music\/2021\/09\/17\/how-regina-music-boxes-mediated-listening-culture\/","title":{"rendered":"How Regina Music Boxes Mediated Listening Culture"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<h2>Local Archives, Global History: Post 2 by Camila Zimmerman<\/h2>\n<h2><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"YouTube video player\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube-nocookie.com\/embed\/3Wtoz2JeHcA\" width=\"560\" height=\"315\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/h2>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_239\" style=\"width: 270px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-239\" class=\"img-fluid img-thumbnail wp-image-239 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.library.unt.edu\/music\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/11\/2021\/09\/image002.jpg\" alt=\"picture of the Regina Music Box\" width=\"260\" height=\"347\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-239\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 1. The Regina Music Box in the UNT Collection is a 15 \u00bd\u2033 music box made out of oak. The box was made in 1907 and somehow made its way to the home of Whit Ozier (1919-2004) before being gifted to UNT.<\/p><\/div>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_240\" style=\"width: 384px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-240\" class=\"img-fluid img-thumbnail wp-image-240 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.library.unt.edu\/music\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/11\/2021\/09\/image004.jpg\" alt=\"overhead view of the two combs and arm of the Regina Music Box\" width=\"374\" height=\"280\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-240\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 2. Overhead view of the two combs and arm of the Regina Music Box in the UNT Collection.\u00a0<\/p><\/div>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_241\" style=\"width: 372px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-241\" class=\"img-fluid img-thumbnail wp-image-241 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.library.unt.edu\/music\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/11\/2021\/09\/image006.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"362\" height=\"271\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-241\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 3. Side view of the arm, star wheel and combs of the Regina Music Box in the UNT Collection.<\/p><\/div>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_242\" style=\"width: 324px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-242\" class=\"img-fluid img-thumbnail wp-image-242 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.library.unt.edu\/music\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/11\/2021\/09\/image008.jpg\" alt=\"overhead view of a tune disc of the song Freishutz\" width=\"314\" height=\"310\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.library.unt.edu\/music\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/11\/2021\/09\/image008.jpg 314w, https:\/\/blogs.library.unt.edu\/music\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/11\/2021\/09\/image008-65x65.jpg 65w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 314px) 100vw, 314px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-242\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 4. Freischutz, Prayer tune disc from UNT Collection. There are 46 tune discs in this collection. The discs faces vary. Some bear only the title of the song and its patent, while others portray Regina\u2019s trademark and images. Due to use, some marks have been worn away from the discs.\u00a0<\/p><\/div>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_243\" style=\"width: 306px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-243\" class=\"img-fluid img-thumbnail wp-image-243 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.library.unt.edu\/music\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/11\/2021\/09\/image010.jpg\" alt=\"overhead view of a tune disc of Gounod, Flower Song\" width=\"296\" height=\"310\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-243\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 5. Gounod, Flower Song tune disc from UNT Collection.\u00a0<\/p><\/div>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Music boxes are charming devices that play some of our favorite tunes. Perhaps they remind us of an event in our past or recall the person who gave it to us. But music boxes are more than just entertainment or a vessel for personal memories. Each box has its own special origin story and history, which inspire many different types of questions, even scholarly ones. My first question for the UNT Regina Music box was simple: how do I make it play?! After extensive research and multiple correspondences with Alan Bies from the Musical Box Society International (MBSI), I finally heard a full, rich sound emanate from the box unlike any other music box I had ever experienced. Once I overcame this basic obstacle, I began to make more inquiries. My focus soon turned to the listening cultures surrounding these instruments, concentrating on the people to whom the Regina Music Box Company sold their products. To whom was the Regina Music Box Company catering? How did those consumers relate (if at all!) to the types of song discs that the company sold? Regina music boxes originated in Europe and later came to America, so their discs offer a rare glimpse into the changing listening cultures of domestic audiences in Europe and America at the turn of the twentieth century. <\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559731&quot;:720,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:480}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_244\" style=\"width: 410px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-244\" class=\"img-fluid img-thumbnail wp-image-244 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.library.unt.edu\/music\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/11\/2021\/09\/image012-400x317.jpg\" alt=\"a black and white photo of Gustav Brackhausen\" width=\"400\" height=\"317\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.library.unt.edu\/music\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/11\/2021\/09\/image012-400x317.jpg 400w, https:\/\/blogs.library.unt.edu\/music\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/11\/2021\/09\/image012.jpg 447w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-244\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 6. Image of Gustav Brackhausen (Al Meekins Collection, Photos, The Meekins Antique Regina Music Box Company, Zephyrhillis, FL, https:\/\/antiquemusicboxes.com\/wood.html).<\/p><\/div>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_245\" style=\"width: 410px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-245\" class=\"img-fluid img-thumbnail wp-image-245 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.library.unt.edu\/music\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/11\/2021\/09\/image014-400x298.jpg\" alt=\"a black and white photo of the Regina Music Box Factory from a wide perspective\" width=\"400\" height=\"298\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.library.unt.edu\/music\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/11\/2021\/09\/image014-400x298.jpg 400w, https:\/\/blogs.library.unt.edu\/music\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/11\/2021\/09\/image014.jpg 439w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-245\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 7. Image of the Regina Music Box Factory (Al Meekins Collection, Photos, The Meekins Antique Regina Music Box Company, Zephyrhillis, FL, https:\/\/antiquemusicboxes.com\/wood.html).\u00a0<\/p><\/div>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Music boxes and other mechanical instruments have\u00a0existed\u00a0for centuries, but the disc musical box did not come to prominence until\u00a0Paul Lochmann began selling\u00a0them\u00a0in Germany in 1886. Soon\u00a0thereafter\u00a0many rivaling companies emerged throughout Europe\u00a0(Tallis 1971, 52-53).\u00a0An employee of the\u00a0Symphonion\u00a0Company in Leipzig, Gustave\u00a0Brackhausen, saw how successful the disc musical boxes were and decided to bring them to the American market. In 1892,\u00a0Brackhausen\u00a0left Germany\u00a0to\u00a0start the Regina Company in Jersey City, New Jersey. Once there, he first produced the 15 \u00bd inch Regina music box which was based on the Polyphon model so that the 15 \u00bd inch Polyphon tune discs could be used for the\u00a0Reginas. However, he no longer wanted to rely on European companies for his disc supply.\u00a0His solution was\u00a0to have his company make their own discs. He brought\u00a0Octave\u00a0Chaillet, a Swiss disc master, to the States to create new discs that featured popular\u00a0American styles\u00a0like spirituals and Souza marches to add onto the preexistent European\u00a0repertoire\u00a0(Tallis 1971, 52-55).\u00a0The company was successful, holding 80-90% of the American market from\u00a01892\u00a0until\u00a01919\u00a0(Gallo 2001, 4).\u00a0They\u00a0ultimately\u00a0created many different types of musical boxes such as the\u00a0Reginaphone, Regina piano player, Regina Corona, and the Regina Automatic Concerto.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559731&quot;:720,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:480}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_246\" style=\"width: 388px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-246\" class=\"img-fluid img-thumbnail wp-image-246 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.library.unt.edu\/music\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/11\/2021\/09\/image016-378x533.jpg\" alt=\"a 1904 Trade Music Review advertisment for different types of Regina boxes\" width=\"378\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.library.unt.edu\/music\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/11\/2021\/09\/image016-378x533.jpg 378w, https:\/\/blogs.library.unt.edu\/music\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/11\/2021\/09\/image016.jpg 529w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 378px) 100vw, 378px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-246\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 8. Advertisement for different types of Regina boxes from the 1904 Music Trade Review (Music Trade Review, Magazine, 1904, The International Arcade Museum, https:\/\/mtr.arcade-museum.com.)\u00a0<\/p><\/div>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Regina music box advertisements from 1895 to 1905 reveal that the company catered to wealthy white people who either had a family or liked to entertain in their homes. Figure 9 through 11 depict well-dressed men and women socializing. Figure 9 contains many men in tuxedos and women in ball gowns dancing to the sounds of a Regina music box in a lavish salon. The image on the right of figure 10 also depicts a similar scene although in a simpler imagery with the short text of \u201cplays for Afternoon Reception or for Evening Dancing.\u201d The image on the left implies wealth in a different sort of way. A couple lounges on their boat as they listen to their Regina. Figure 11 portrays multiple scenes, some similar to figure 9 and 10 and some different. In the top right corner is once again an image of a well-dressed man and woman dancing and in the bottom left corner is a couple on their boat. This advertisement, however, features more familial images as well. The middle image on the left specifically references Christmas time offering the Regina as the perfect Christmas gift. On the bottom right, children appear in the image dancing to the music of the Regina music box while adults in fine clothing sit by and watch. The middle left image features a woman holding a baby reaching towards the music box with the heading, \u201ceven the baby finds entertainment in the Regina music box.\u201d These advertisements indicate the Regina Company\u2019s aspirational customers and anticipated the types of environments and events in which their customers might use the Regina. <\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559731&quot;:720,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:480}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_247\" style=\"width: 410px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-247\" class=\"img-fluid img-thumbnail wp-image-247 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.library.unt.edu\/music\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/11\/2021\/09\/image018-400x313.jpg\" alt=\"A Century Magazine advertisement for Regina Music Box from the December 1895 Issue\" width=\"400\" height=\"313\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.library.unt.edu\/music\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/11\/2021\/09\/image018-400x313.jpg 400w, https:\/\/blogs.library.unt.edu\/music\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/11\/2021\/09\/image018.jpg 484w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-247\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 9. Advertisement for Regina Music Box from Century Magazine December 1895 Issue (The Miriam and Ira D. Wallach Division of Art, The Regina music box, 1895, Prints and Photographs: Picture Collection, New York Public Library Digital Collections, https:\/\/digitalcollections.nypl.org\/items\/510d47e3-1d71-a3d9-e040-e00a18064a99).<\/p><\/div>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_248\" style=\"width: 410px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-248\" class=\"img-fluid img-thumbnail wp-image-248 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.library.unt.edu\/music\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/11\/2021\/09\/image020-400x198.jpg\" alt=\"A 1902 Trade Music Review advertisement for the Regina Music Box\" width=\"400\" height=\"198\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.library.unt.edu\/music\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/11\/2021\/09\/image020-400x198.jpg 400w, https:\/\/blogs.library.unt.edu\/music\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/11\/2021\/09\/image020.jpg 518w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-248\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 10. Advertisement for Regina Music Box from Music Trade Review 1902 (Music Trade Review, Magazine, 1902, The International Arcade Museum, https:\/\/mtr.arcade-museum.com).\u00a0<\/p><\/div>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_249\" style=\"width: 392px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-249\" class=\"img-fluid img-thumbnail wp-image-249 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.library.unt.edu\/music\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/11\/2021\/09\/image022-382x533.jpg\" alt=\"A 1896 Trade Music Review advertisement for the Regina Music Box\" width=\"382\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.library.unt.edu\/music\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/11\/2021\/09\/image022-382x533.jpg 382w, https:\/\/blogs.library.unt.edu\/music\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/11\/2021\/09\/image022.jpg 578w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 382px) 100vw, 382px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-249\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 11. Advertisement for Regina Music Box from Music Trade Review 1896 (Music Trade Review, Magazine, 1896, The International Arcade Museum, https:\/\/mtr.arcade-museum.com).\u00a0<\/p><\/div>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">The texts of these advertisements emphasize the quality of the music box: it plays over 1,000 tunes, has indestructible discs and a brilliance and richness of tone, is easy to use, and does not require tuning. One other element that is pointed out is the tunes themselves. Some mention a few popular titles or composers, but most of the advertisements say something like \u201cplays all your favorite music both classic and popular,\u201d or \u201call the latest music.\u201d Figure 12 provides more detail than the others assuring listeners that, \u201cThe Regina Music Box makers keep right abreast of the composers who are continuously writing all kinds of popular music\u2014 \u2018rag time\u2019 if you want it. And they have provided tune-discs\u2026of all the best music of all composers of all times\u2014the great master-pieces of the Masters.\u201d<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559731&quot;:720,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:480}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_250\" style=\"width: 249px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-250\" class=\"img-fluid img-thumbnail wp-image-250 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.library.unt.edu\/music\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/11\/2021\/09\/image024.jpg\" alt=\"A 1905 Trade Music advertisement for the Regina Music Box \" width=\"239\" height=\"386\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-250\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 12. Advertisement for Regina Music Box from Music Trade Review 1905 (Music Trade Review, Magazine, 1896, The International Arcade Museum, https:\/\/mtr.arcade-museum.com).\u00a0<\/p><\/div>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">As is evident in the advertisements, popular music and the most recent tunes were emphasized, meaning these were the types of tune discs people\u00a0in America\u00a0were buying.\u00a0A comparison between the genres found in the UNT tune disc Collection and those housed in\u00a0the\u00a0National Museum of American History\u2019s collection<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">1<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0and\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u043c\u0443\u0437\u0435\u044f<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0c<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0(Russian Museum Collection)<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">2<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0shows\u00a0a clear trend. In the collections from the United States, the number of discs based on\u00a0American musical genres outnumbers the disc with European musical genres,\u00a0while in the European collection,\u00a0European derived\u00a0music\u00a0appears much more numerous than\u00a0American\u00a0music.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559731&quot;:720,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:480}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_251\" style=\"width: 410px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-251\" class=\"img-fluid img-thumbnail wp-image-251 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.library.unt.edu\/music\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/11\/2021\/09\/image026-400x234.png\" alt=\"A bar graph comparing the number of European and American music forms found in\u00a0the tune disc collections from the UNT Collection, the National Museum of American History and the Russian Museum Collection\u00a0\u00a0\" width=\"400\" height=\"234\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.library.unt.edu\/music\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/11\/2021\/09\/image026-400x234.png 400w, https:\/\/blogs.library.unt.edu\/music\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/11\/2021\/09\/image026.png 577w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-251\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 13. Table comparing the number of European and American music forms found in the tune disc collections from the UNT Collection, the National Museum of American History and the Russian Museum Collection.\u00a0\u00a0<\/p><\/div>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">However, the divide between European and American genres in both of the American collections (a two disc difference in the first and a six disc difference in the second) do not have the same disparity as the European collection\u00a0which has an\u00a086-disc gap. Breaking down these numbers\u00a0further into specific genres<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0provides a\u00a0better idea of what exactly\u00a0constitutes\u00a0part of these American<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">4<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0and European<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">5<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0genres.\u00a0In the American collections, American folk and popular songs outnumber the\u00a0other\u00a0categories. European dance music, however, far exceeds all other genre categories in the Russian collection.\u00a0From this data, I speculate that American consumers\u00a0very much enjoyed and potentially preferred\u00a0new\u00a0American\u00a0popular genres\u00a0even as they\u00a0clung to the\u00a0fashion and tradition\u00a0of their European ancestry, while European music box customers preferred their own genres\u00a0to\u00a0the American ones.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:480}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_252\" style=\"width: 410px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-252\" class=\"img-fluid img-thumbnail wp-image-252 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.library.unt.edu\/music\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/11\/2021\/09\/image028-400x234.png\" alt=\"A bar graph comparing tune disc genres\u00a0found in the tune disc collections from the UNT Collection, the National Museum of American History and the Russian Museum Collection\u00a0\" width=\"400\" height=\"234\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.library.unt.edu\/music\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/11\/2021\/09\/image028-400x234.png 400w, https:\/\/blogs.library.unt.edu\/music\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/11\/2021\/09\/image028.png 577w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-252\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 14. Table comparing tune disc genres found in the tune disc collections from the UNT Collection, the National Museum of American History and the Russian Museum Collection.\u00a0<\/p><\/div>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">While these findings are based on a very limited pool of data, they offer a preliminary look at trends in the types of music consumed through this medium from the 1890s-1920s. Music boxes have a long and complex history that can offer us a glimpse into listening practices of the past, the technical aspects of mechanical instruments, musical preferences, the art of arrangement, and much more. Perhaps this will inspire you to pull out an old music box and see what types of stories it can tell!<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559731&quot;:720,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:480}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Bibliography\u00a0<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:480}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Special thanks to the Musical Box Society International (MBSI) for all of their help.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Collections:\u00a0<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Al Meekins Collection. Photos. The Meekins Antique Regina Music Box Company. Zephyrhillis, FL. Accessed April 9, 2021.\u00a0https:\/\/antiquemusicboxes.com\/wood.html.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:240,&quot;335559991&quot;:720}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Metal Discs Collection. Music box discs.\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u043c\u0443\u0437\u0435\u044f<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0c<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">, Moscow, Russia.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Music and Musical Instruments Collection. Music box discs.\u00a0National Museum of American History, Washington, D.C.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:240,&quot;335559991&quot;:720}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">The Miriam and Ira D. Wallach Division of Art, Prints and Photographs: Picture Collection, The New York Public Library. &#8220;The Regina music box.&#8221; New York Public Library Digital Collections. Accessed April 9, 2021. https:\/\/digitalcollections.nypl.org\/items\/510d47e3-1d71-a3d9-e040-e00a18064a99.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:240,&quot;335559991&quot;:720}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Regina Music Box Records Collection. Regina music box and discs. University of North Texas Library, Denton, TX.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:240,&quot;335559991&quot;:720}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Music Trade Review. Magazine. The International Arcade Museum. Accessed April 9, 2021. https:\/\/mtr.arcade-museum.com. <\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:240,&quot;335559991&quot;:720}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:240,&quot;335559991&quot;:720}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Secondary Source:\u00a0<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:240,&quot;335559991&quot;:720}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Birch, John. \u201cReginaphone &amp; Regina Hall Clock.\u201d\u202f<\/span><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Mechanical Music<\/span><\/i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u202f53, no. 1 (January 2007): 17\u201318.\u202f<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:240,&quot;335559991&quot;:720}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Boehck, Steve. \u201cThe Rare and Elusive Regina Musical Savings Bank.\u201d\u202f<\/span><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Mechanical Music<\/span><\/i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u202f53, no. 4 (July 2007): 12\u201325.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:240,&quot;335559991&quot;:720}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Boehck, Steve. \u201cThe Regina Musical Salesman.\u201d\u202f<\/span><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Mechanical Music<\/span><\/i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u202f58, no. 6 (November 2012): 8\u201323.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:240,&quot;335559991&quot;:720}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Carli, Philip C. \u201c\u201dYou Will Certainly Have Something that Will Give Great Pleasure, and Be a Marvel in Pittsburgh\u201d: Henry Clay Frick and American Millionaires Living with Mechanical Music, 1872-1919.\u201d\u00a0<\/span><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">American Music<\/span><\/i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a032, no. 4 (Winter 2014): 377-399.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:240,&quot;335559991&quot;:720}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Chapuis, Alfred.\u202f<\/span><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">History of the Musical Box and of Mechanical Music<\/span><\/i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">. Summit, N.J.: Musical Box Society International, 1980.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:240,&quot;335559991&quot;:720}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Clark, John E. T.\u202f<\/span><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Musical Boxes; A History and an Appreciation<\/span><\/i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">. London: G. Allen &amp; Unwin, 1961.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:240,&quot;335559991&quot;:720}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Gallo, Denise P. \u201cVerdi\u2019s Music on Mechanical Boxes.\u201d\u202f<\/span><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Verdi Forum<\/span><\/i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">, no. 28\u201329 (2001-2002): 4\u20137.\u202f<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:240,&quot;335559991&quot;:720}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Karp, Larry. \u201cRegina and Ragtime.\u201d\u202f<\/span><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Mechanical Music<\/span><\/i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u202f59, no. 2 (March 2013): 28\u201335.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:240,&quot;335559991&quot;:720}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Tallis, David.\u202f<\/span><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Musical Boxes<\/span><\/i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">. London: Muller, 1971.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:480}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"Local Archives, Global History: Post 2 by Camila Zimmerman \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 Music boxes are charming devices that play some of our favorite tunes. Perhaps they remind us of an event in our past or recall the person who gave it to us. But music boxes are more than just entertainment or&#8230;  <a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.library.unt.edu\/music\/2021\/09\/17\/how-regina-music-boxes-mediated-listening-culture\/\" class=\"more-link\" title=\"Read How Regina Music Boxes Mediated Listening Culture\">Read more &raquo;<\/a>","protected":false},"author":104,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2}},"categories":[17],"tags":[19],"class_list":["post-235","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-musicking-in-the-sandborn","tag-local-archives-global-history"],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.library.unt.edu\/music\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/235","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.library.unt.edu\/music\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.library.unt.edu\/music\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.library.unt.edu\/music\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/104"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.library.unt.edu\/music\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=235"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.library.unt.edu\/music\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/235\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":504,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.library.unt.edu\/music\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/235\/revisions\/504"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.library.unt.edu\/music\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=235"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.library.unt.edu\/music\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=235"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.library.unt.edu\/music\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=235"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}