Posted by & filed under Preservation.

Why Do Paper Repair?

There are three key benefits to mending torn documents and prints.

The first, and perhaps most important from a preservationist’s perspective, is preventing future damage. If paper is torn, then it is only easier to tear it more when handling, even if one is to handle it carefully. Through paper mending, these weak points are reinforced and future damage is halted.

Second, paper mending can improve an item’s practical accessibility. As previously mentioned, one must exercise caution when handling a torn piece of paper, especially if it is embrittled. This often discourages or prevents entirely the handling of these fragile items. Upon mending tears and holes in a piece of paper, it can be picked up and examined closer without fear of causing harm to it. Always exercise caution, of course.

Finally, paper repair can improve the aesthetic presentation of a print or document. If one looks at a beautiful image with a rip through it, one is likely to shift their focus rather fast to the fact that the print is damaged. Paper mending, when done right, minimizes the appearance of tears to the point of their imperceptibility (when observed on the opposite side of the mending).

Guarding with Heat Set Tissue

Guarding is a simple, quick method of paper repair that involves adhering heat set tissue paper to damaged areas of paper. This process of adhering the tissue is done with an iron at around 300 degrees Fahrenheit, and heat can also be used to remove heat set tissue paper if an item needs to be returned to its original state.

The simplicity of heat set tissue paper mending is somewhat evident through its appearance. It typically is a translucent, almost-white color, so it rarely blends nicely with prints that have stood the test of time. Furthermore, it can often loosen through handling, especially if not allowed to rest after its initial application. This can make it somewhat finicky and untrustworthy.

Japanese Tissue Paper Mending

If a print is mended with Japanese tissue paper, it has “made it big.” This time-consuming, but rewarding, process entails tearing strips of Japanese tissue paper and applying them along tears or holes. The tissue is applied using a preservation-friendly reversible adhesive, we at Special Collections opt. for methyl cellulose. It is reversible, a little goes a long way, and it dries clear!

Japanese tissue paper can have very loose fibers. When torn, the frayed edges “melt” into the paper being mended, creating an almost-seamless result. Because of its malleable property, it can be layered to give more reinforcement to areas that need it.

Like heat set tissue paper, Japanese tissue paper also is off-white in appearance, typically contrasting itself from the paper being repaired. Luckily, depending on the thickness used, it can often be translucent enough to be applied over text without affecting legibility. Small, precisely torn pieces also minimize the appearance of the tissue used.

Who Wins?

On paper, no pun intended, Japanese tissue paper mending seems like the clear winner. It can be used precisely to reinforce almost any hole or tear, it blends nicely into surrounding paper, and it can be layered upon to provide varying levels of reinforcement.

Guarding damaged paper with heat set tissue certainly does not have the “oomph” that Japanese tissue paper provides. It does not look as good, nor does it have the same level of strength. Nonetheless, a paper with multiple tears could be repaired with heat set tissue in 30 minutes at most while, on the other hand, the same repairs would likely take twice the time or more with Japanese tissue paper.

As always, the true answer is, “It Depends.” I opted for heat set tissue repairs on the poster because it is large, has several spots of damage, the backside of the poster is blank, and it is a duplicate. The other matching poster was scanned and encapsulated. In this instance, the guarding was only done for the purpose of preventing future damage. The Harper’s Weekly page got the Japanese tissue paper treatment due to it having content on both sides, having long tears and areas that needed more reinforcement than others, and it lacks a duplicate.

Posted by & filed under Preservation.

Working in an archive, you are bound to come across mold at some point. We want to ensure that mold does not cause health hazards for future researchers viewing the materials, and ensure that it does not spread to other materials in the collection.

When mold is brought to our attention, we immediately isolate the material and place it in vapor sealed (Ziplock) bags. These bags are then placed into a frost-free freezer for at least 3 weeks. We freeze the mold to deactivate it. This will not destroy it, but it will make it much easier to clean and hopefully keep it dormant. After this time, the bag is removed from the freezer and placed into an acclimation chamber (a cooler) where it’s temperature is brought back to room temperature overnight to help prevent condensation buildup. Then cleaning can begin.

When dealing with mold, safety is always the first priority. Mold can cause significant health problems, and we want to ensure anyone working with or around mold is protected. Anyone dealing with mold should be wearing full PPE (Nitrile gloves, N95 mask, goggles, and an apron).

Utilizing a variable suction HEPA vacuum, we place the item under our vent hood and slowly vacuum the entirety of the item with a soft bristled nozzle. If the item is particularly fragile or is a photograph, we place a piece of mesh screen over the item to keep it from getting damaged. After the item is cleaned, we will create an enclosure for it (i.e. phase box, four flap, or encapsulation) with the hope that if the mold ever does reactivate it will be contained to its enclosure.

There are times, however, when the mold is too extensive and dangerous for us to mitigate and clean. To ensure the content of the item survives, we digitize the item, upload it to The Portal to Texas History, deaccession and discard it.

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Identifying mold can be tricky if you’ve never had to do so before and sometimes it can be confused for foxing. But what exactly is foxing? Foxing is a deterioration process where impurities in paper (such as iron) oxidize and create brown or rust colored spots. This type of deterioration appears when exposed to certain temperatures and humidity, but it will not spread to other items.1

It is important to distinguish between foxing and mold as one can wreak havoc to other materials in your collection. So, let’s play…foxing or mold???

Example 1

It’s mold!! This image displays very active, thick black mold in the bottom corners of these images. It has a powdery/fuzzy look to it and is bunched up in patches. If you were to swipe a gloved finger over it—I AM NOT CONDONING TOUCHING MOLD—the mold would smear. This will occur with active cases of mold.

Example 2

It’s foxing!! This page in this book does display some round brown spots across the page, but they are not clustered in certain areas and there is nothing raised on the surface of the page.

Example 3

It’s foxing!! The edge of these pages may look suspicious, but they more spread out not raised.

Example 4

It’s mold!! This mold is not nearly as active as the one depicted in the first image, but this is still mold. It is clustered and powdery and has discolored the backing.

Example 5

It’s foxing (and some staining/discoloration)!! This page in this book displays round brown spots across the page. These ones are a little more confined to a certain area, but not in the same way as the mold examples. The large discolored area is from acid migration from the book jacket wrapped around the book.

The characteristics described in this post are things we commonly see when we come across mold, but there are times that we’re not sure if something is mold. If you are unsure something is mold, ask for help or play it safe and treat it as if it is mold. Better safe than sorry!

1 The Antiquarian Booksellers’ Association of America. “Foxing.” Accessed on September 5, 2025. https://www.abaa.org/glossary/entry/foxing

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Image of Bob Kap practicing soccer tricks
Undated photo of Bob Kap

As north Texas prepares to welcome World Cup fans from around the world, Special Collections will be exhibiting a rare collection of soccer memorabilia. The collection was acquired in 2017 from the daughter of the original coach of the first professional soccer team in Texas, The Dallas Tornado Soccer Club.

Bob Kap was well connected in the soccer world as a sports writer and coach for local and minor league soccer teams in Canada. When he was offered the job to coach the Dallas Tornado, he knew he would need to find a way to generate local excitement and interest in the sport of soccer.

He decided that the Dallas Tornado Soccer Club would embark on a tour around the world, playing against major teams in Europe, Asia, and the Pacific Islands. To ensure that the media understood that this team represented Dallas, they were often seen in their “PR outfit” consisting of a cowboy style shirt, Levi jeans, and often a Stetson hat.

Team members were recruited and trained at the beginning of a whirlwind tour, which took them through 20 different countries over 7 months, and consisted of 45 matches against some of the best and worst soccer teams in the world.

Bob Kap and the Dallas Tornado on the field in Taiwan, 1967.

The Kap Collection contains a wide array of physical artifacts, photographs, documents, and home movies that document the first Dallas Tornado season. With matches in Europe, Asia, Australia, and the Pacific Islands, players were constantly travelling, often in places lacking in modern luxuries. They played in Vietnam during the Vietnam War, and played matches in extreme heat while touring India.

After his time with the Dallas Tornado Soccer Club, Kap spent time recruiting European soccer players to kick for the National Football League (NFL). He designed a special type of kicking shoe with the laces positioned towards the outside edge of the shoe, so that they did not interfere with kicking. Kap was an avid entrepreneur and sports enthusiast throughout his life, patenting a special type of turf, marketing new sports, and speaking up for women’s rights in the world of sports.

Bob Kap died in 2010, but his legacy lives on in his vast collection of correspondence, memorabilia, photography, and news clippings. Only a fraction of his collection is utilized in this exhibit, to tell a single story in the interesting and exciting life of Bob Kap.

Explore the history of Bob Kap and the Dallas Tornado Soccer Club by browsing digitized artifacts from the Kap archive.

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The Lantern Press was a partnership between antiquarian Leon Gelber and businessman Theodore Max Lilienthal in San Francisco.  They began their publishing company under the imprint Lantern Press. Many of their editions were printed at Grabhorn Press, beginning with Hildegard Flanner’s A Tree in Bloom and Other Verses (1924).

Author Stella Benson (1892-1933) was an English poet, novelist, and travel writer. Her work, which blended fantasy and reality, is not well known today. her short story The Awakening, was only published once in this limited edition of 500 copies. Artist Donald William McKay (1895-1974) provided the sole illustration in the book.

This book is available to view upon request in UNT Special Collections.

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Written by student assistant, Ryann Ragsdale

When a lot of us think of archives, we imagine a dark, dusty corner of a library in a detective show. They sort through boxes of information, thick manila folders of looseleaf paper with financial records or newspaper clippings. After hours of back-bending research they find what they are looking for, some pivotal information that leads to an arrest or major discovery. While this is a reality for a lot of archives (and excitingly so!), there is a more colorful side to these spaces. For a lot of researchers, archives are where they go for inspiration, a trip down memory lane, or simply to look at rare objects they may not come across otherwise. So, what is so special about Special Collections? In this humble student’s opinion, I think it is an opportunity to interact with incredible works of art.

The University of North Texas has been collecting Artist Books since the 1990’s, a feat that has culminated into a really exciting collection. You might be wondering, what is an Artist Book? An artist book is “a medium in which to convey artistic expression using the form and function of a book,” as described by UNT. It is hard to imagine a book as anything other than bound pages with a front and back cover, but amazing artists like Alyssa Berry have imagined it in forms like a VHS tape! The artist book “Movies that Made Me: Vol.1” is one of the many standout creations housed by UNT Special Collections. Not only can you see this Artist Book in person, but you can turn the pages with your own hands. In this way, Archives become an interactive museum. Anywhere else and you’d have an attendant telling you to stand five feet back!

As if the Artist Books were not enough of a draw, UNT has also been working towards creating a Zine Library. Zines are independently published magazines, the creation of which started with science fiction fans in the 30s and 40s, according to the AMON Carter Museum of American Art. UNT’s collection of zines has a wide variety, with topics ranging from trans-allyship to Denton cats and even Bojack Horseman. There’s so much to discover in the 500+ zines housed in the collection!

Archives are special facilities and one like UNT’s is hard to come by. Not only does it house rare materials like medieval manuscripts, Kelmscott Press editions of classic literature, university records, and many other exciting traditional materials, it is a home to many works of art. So, the next time you are asked “what’s so special about special collections?” you’ll have an answer.

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This month, Dr. Kelcie Slaton, Assistant Professor in the College of Merchandising, Hospitality, and Tourism, brought students from her MDSE 3400 class to Special Collections for a two-part visit to learn how to locate, access, and analyze primary source materials as the first step in a larger project they will be working on this semester. The spring 2026 recipient of the Special Collections Coursework Development Grant, Dr. Slaton is using the Neiman Marcus Fortnight posters located in the Dale T. Smith Neiman Marcus Collection to allow students to investigate how these posters visually communicated a consistent luxury identity while incorporating the global themes of the annual Fortnight events.

A selection of Fortnight posters set out for students to view during their visit to Special Collections.

During their first visit to Special Collections, students spent time learning about the role of archives and primary sources in research, the importance of primary source analysis, and what they might look for when they began their own research journey. They were also introduced to the UNT Finding Aids, and shown how to locate collections, identify materials of interest, and request those items for access. At the conclusion of the session, students were able to put their new skills into practice by requesting materials related to their project that they wanted to view in-person when they returned for their second visit the following week.

MDSE 3400 students look at requested materials during their visit.

During the second session, students spent their time accessing physical materials they had requested from the finding aids, reviewing digital materials on The Portal to Texas History, and discussing where they might look outside of UNT for additional sources and information. In order for students to gain experience analyzing and interpreting the primary sources they were finding, they were asked to add and describe materials, collections, and external repositories to a class Padlet which could be accessed by students as a shared knowledge base throughout the semester.

This project and the partnership between UNT Special Collections and Dr. Slaton is just one example of the many ways in which the Coursework Development Grant has allowed us to work with faculty to connect their students to archival and rare materials through unique and tangible learning experiences.

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In conjunction with the Biennial Artist Book Competition, UNT Special Collections and Archives is proud to display in the Sarah T. Hughes Reading Room some of our artist book acquisitions through the years! In the spirit of “Rethinking the Codex”, this selection of books shows a small number of the myriad and unique artist books our vault contains using non-traditional materials or non-traditional shape language. These acquisitions come from students, community members, and professional artist book makers.

Artist's books on display
Julie VonDerVellen‘s “26.2 miles” (a pair of paper shoes) pictured on display in the reading room.

Kathy Lovas’ “One of Two”, Candace Hicks’ “Common Threads” and Howard Spillman’s “My Tooth Fairy Pillow” represent textile-based books, trading in paper and ink for fabric mediums like cloth, yarn, and handkerchiefs with Xerox-transferred images; others focus on the structural, model-like approach to making artist books with examples such as Julie VonDerVellen‘s “26.2 miles” (a pair of paper shoes), Edward Hutchin’s “Do Sit Down!” (a miniature model chair with a book inside), and Julie Chen’s “Chrysalis” (a sculptural book object in the shape of a faceted oloid that is held closed with magnets). Sophia Carswell’s “The Hypochondriac” and Edie Overturf’s “Peeling a never-ending onion” focus more on the housing of the book and the way in which one should read it, with Carswell’s being encased in a latched box and Overturf’s contained in several different booklets tucked into the main sleeve.

Work by Candice Hicks and Kathy Lovas on display in the reading room.

The ”Rethinking the Codex” Artist Book Symposium will take place on Saturday, March 28th, 2026. Come by the Sarah T. Hughes Reading Room before then to see these amazing examples in person! The display is available during open hours, 9am – 4pm, Monday – Friday

Posted by & filed under Preservation.

While you may not have a full preservation lab at your disposal, there are many things you can do to prolong the life of your treasured materials.

Environment

At the very least, materials should be kept in cool, dry places. A garage or attic are often some of the worst places to store your materials as they are very prone to drastic temperature and humidity changes which will accelerate any deterioration and make your materials a perfect breeding ground for mold growth.  

Enclosures and storage

Every item type (i.e. photographs, paper documents, artwork, artifacts, etc.) has ideal storage specifications. (If you’re interested in looking into proper storage for different material types, check out PSAP Collection ID Guide.) Item that are held in archives are placed into archival boxes (boxes that are acid free) to protect the items from light exposure, dirt and dust, acid migration, and physical damage. Archival materials can be fairly pricey, however, if you have a particular item that is very meaningful, valuable, or fragile, purchasing an archival enclosure could be a worthwhile investment. 

Here is a list of some archival suppliers: 

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Teel Sale was an artist, writer, and teacher, and had a career of national and international shows (drawing, painting, printmaking, and performance art). Sale was a faculty member (drawing, painting, and honors) at the University of North Texas from 1975 through 1989. During that time Teel collaborated with fellow faculty member Claudi Betti to co-author the successful textbook Drawing: A Contemporary Approach (1980). By emphasizing the emotional and spiritual significance of art, using artwork from contemporary artists in a multicultural world, Drawing: A Contemporary Approach became one of the most widely adopted texts on drawing and is now in its sixth edition.

Teel had three sons with her husband, Richard Sale, who was a faculty member in the English department at UNT. Teel returned to college after her sons were born to complete her bachelor’s degree and MFA. In 1977 a series of Teel’s work toured Guatemala at the invitation of Guatemala Ministry of Education. The work featured a series of 36 etchings and drawings dealing humorously with death.

Teel’s artwork often incorporated humor and experimentation. Teel adopted new technology into her artistic practice, using a photocopier to manipulate images, and later a scanner and printer to alter images, or combine images into collages. Her series Retroperspective featured classical architectural imagery alongside abstract shapes and designs which were collaged into final prints using iron-on transfers.

A later series of work, Matisse in Masquerade, re-imagined Matisse’s line drawings of nude women with the addition of realistic animal masks covering their faces. Teel was a prolific creator of artist’s books, which often employed humor and irony, and whose titles include Still Spiro-Ling Moose Jaw: An Agnew Album, Tale of the Armless Woman, and Stringer’s Report from the Sesquee-Sentenial.

In January 2020, Teel Sale donated her archive to UNT Special Collections. The collection includes many examples of Teel’s art including relief printing, artist’s books, altered books, and collage. Some representative samples of Teel’s art have been digitized and can be viewed in The Portal to Texas History.

During the Spring 2025 semester, the UNT College of Visual Arts and Design featured prints from the Teel Sale collection. The exhibition, “An Irrational Fancy,” explored future existences, both real and imagined. Six prints from the Retroperspective series were displayed along with one large relief print titled “The Mote Hunter.”

Teel and Richard have spent the later year’s of their life spending time with their many friends and family members, and reading, writing, and creating art at their country home in Ennis, Texas.

Teel inside her studio, Ennis, Texas, 2020.
Teel and Richard’s library, Ennis, Texas, 2020.

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